Etymons and Lemmas

Etymons and Lemmas Etymons and Lemmas Etymons and Lemmas By Maeve Maddox If you understand the meaning of etymon and lemma in the two following statements, you may want to skip this post: Papyrus is the etymon of paper. An etymological dictionary gives the etymons or etymologies of its lemmas. An etymon is the antecedent form of a word. It’s the word or any of the separate words from which another word has developed historically by borrowing, derivation, compounding, or in any other way. For example, the etymon of the English word etymon is the Greek word etymos, â€Å"true.† Etymos in turn is the etymon of Greek à ©tumon, â€Å"the true sense of a word according to its origin.† In modern usage, etymology refers to the branch of linguistics that deals with determining the origin of words and the historical development of their form and meanings. For the ancients, the etymology or â€Å"true meaning† of a word might be found in its shape, sound, or superficial resemblance to another word. For example, one Christian commentator (writing in Latin) explained the â€Å"true† meaning of the Latin word for death (mors) by connecting it with the Latin word for bite (morsus). According to the biblical account, death entered the world when Eve took a bite out of the forbidden fruit. Ergo, the â€Å"true† meaning of death is rooted in the disobedient act described in Genesis. Modern lexicographers determine the origin of a word by looking for evidence based on sound shifts, spellings, and cognates between languages. The plural of etymon is either etymons or etyma. Lemma derives from a Greek verb meaning â€Å"to take.† The first definition given in the OED is in the context of mathematics: â€Å"proposition assumed or demonstrated which is subsidiary to some other.† In the context of literature, a lemma is defined as â€Å"the argument or subject of a literary composition, prefixed as a heading or title; also, a motto appended to a picture.† The first OED citation of lemma in the context of lexicography is dated 1951. The definition for this use of lemma is â€Å"a lexical item as it is presented, usually, in a standardized form, in a dictionary entry.† If you look up a word in the online Merriam-Webster Unabridged, you will find the word printed in large red letters. That large red word is the lemma. The plural of lemma is either lemmas or lemmata. Another word for lemma in the context of a dictionary entry is definiendum. Like the lemma, the definiendum is the word that heads the entry in a dictionary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Story Writing 10140 Words Beginning with "Para-"

PHP Hello, World! Basic Print Script

PHP Hello, World! Basic Print Script Every programming language has it- the basic Hello, World! script.  PHP is no exception. It is a simple script that only  displays the words Hello, World!  The phrase has become a  tradition for new programmers who are writing their first program. Its first known usage was in B.W. Kernighans 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B, and it was popularized in his The C Programming Language.  From this beginning, it grew into a tradition in the programming world. So, how do you write this most basic of computer programs in PHP? The two simplest ways are using  print and  echo, two similar statements  that are more or less the same. Both are used to output data to the screen. Echo is slightly faster than print. Print has a return value of 1, so it can be used in expressions, while echo has no return value. Both statements can contain HTML markup. Echo can take multiple parameters; print takes one argument. For the purposes of this example, they are equal. ?php Print Hello, World!;php Echo Hello, World!;? In each of these two examples, the ?php indicates the start of a PHP tag and the ? indicates an exit from PHP. These entrance and exit tags identify the code as PHP, and they are used on all PHP coding.   PHP is  server-side software that is used to enhance the features of a web page. It works seamlessly with HTML to add features to a website that HTML alone cant deliver, such as surveys, login screens, forums, and shopping carts. However, it leans on HTML for their appearance on the page. PHP is open-source software, free on the web, easy to learn, and powerful. Whether you already have a website and are familiar with HTML or you are just entering web design and development, it is time to learn more about beginning PHP programming.

Motivation Methods Used In the Hotels in Sheffield Coursework

Motivation Methods Used In the Hotels in Sheffield - Coursework Example and J. Clanchy 1997). Throughout this period so, universities in Australia, Canada, USA, UK experienced an internationalisation of their action; together in terms of the number of worldwide students studying intercontinental higher education programmes, and an add to in the width of international students, with around one in ten of the total enrolment make overseas. Frequently, the prevalence of international students that study for an Australia, Canada, USA, UK requirement start from Asia. Dobson et al. state that: Moreover, for part time university students studying human resource management (HRM) as a core subject, chapter will serve as a textbook at higher levels of undergraduate study and postgraduate/Masters study. For business management students studying HRM as a core subject or an option, this text will serve as secondary/further reading for motivation methods. As a sectoral source it builds upon introductions in organizational behaviour, people management or employee relations, and will be useful at higher undergraduate and post-graduate/Masters/Masters in Business Administration (MBA) levels. Social science students m... As a sectoral source it builds upon introductions in organizational behaviour, people management or employee relations, and will be useful at higher undergraduate and post-graduate/Masters/Masters in Business Administration (MBA) levels. Social science students may also be interested in the research, as industrial relations and the employment relationship of part time students with motivation are very important dimensions of the sociology of work. For them this text will represent a rich source of information on contemporary characteristics of service sector work that can exemplify theoretical sociological perspectives, such as fragmentation and feminization of labour, and inform debates on labour process theory. Here the chapter will provide secondary/ further reading on optional courses (Barron, P. and C. 2002). What Are The Significance Of Hotel Industries For Part Time Students in Sheffield For the purposes of this chapter, the term hospitality or Hotel industry (HI) serves as an overarching label for businesses whose primary purpose is to offer food, beverage and accommodation for sale on a commercial basis. The main activities or sub-sectors in the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) Division 55 (Hotels and restaurants) are hotels, restaurants, bars (including pubs and clubs) and (contract) catering (International Labour Organization (ILO), 2001:5-6). Table I.1 shows the numbers employed in hospitality-specific occupations in the UK. These are the sub-sectors covered by WERS, by comparable Labour Force Surveys (LFSs) in the European Union (EU) and by much of the academic literature

Serology International Employee Training Case Study

Serology International Employee Training - Case Study Example The human resource director, Dr. Tom Turblin has been assigned the role of selecting the most qualified employee to lead the new division that is going to be charged with the production of the kit. Dr. Tom will also be in charge of training him for the role. Dr. Tom decides that he will first begin with a re-evaluation of the academic qualification of all the employees that are employed by the firm. The exercise is going to be undertaken by an outsourced firm that deals with analysis and auditing. The exercise is going to cost Serology International around 60,000 US dollars. In addition, the outsourced auditing firm has notified Dr. Tom that the exercise will take three weeks. However, Dr. Tom wanted it completed as soon as possible, but he has already agreed to the deal. The firm identifies Scott Dickson as the most qualified employee. Thus, Dr. Tom decides to go through his file and record. He notes Scott has been the head of the Pipette production unit for the firm for a long time. His records show that in his tenure, there has been a considerable rate of return and innovation; hence paints him as an innovative individual. What about his leadership skills? After inquiring from the workers under his jurisdiction. They indicate that he is a leader who is always willing to listen and take part in the production stages. Moreover, he seeks to understand each employee on a personal level and gives credit where it is due. However, Scott has some shortcomings. One is that Scott has no prior experience in the production of DNA assessment kits. An aspect that worries Dr. Tom a lot. He has since decided to help him and work as his guide. His hope is that doing so will give Scott the confidence that is required to run the new division successfully. Scott is also be said to be high-tempered. He is emotional and has losses control easily.  

Global Warming and its Effects Essay Example for Free

Global Warming and its Effects Essay There is no doubt that our world has been warming up. Eleven out of the past twelve years, that is, 1995 to 2006, have been ranked among the twelve â€Å"warmest years since 1850 (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4,† 2007). † Humans did not keep systematic records of temperature before 1850; nevertheless, scientists are confident that there is something terribly wrong with the steady increase of global surface temperature between 1995 and 2006. The evidence of global warming includes the shrinking of beautiful mountain glaciers in many parts of the world; thawing of permafrost; the early breakup of lake as well as river ice; lengthening of growing seasons (especially mid to high latitude); shifting of animal, insect and plant ranges; early flowering of trees; early emergence of insects and egg laying of birds; changes in ocean currents as well as patterns of precipitation; and the increasing lifetimes and intensities of tropical storms in several regions of the globe (â€Å"Climate Change 2007,† 2007). Seeing that the poorest people of the world are rather dependent on a hospitable as well as stable climate for their crop growing needs in addition to the gathering of natural resources, it is vital to understand climate change before attempting to manage it. Poor people are reliant on the monsoon seasons, for example, but climate change is about to turn their lives around. Moreover, it is the poorest people of the world that are most vulnerable to the destruction caused by natural disasters. The Asian tsunami of 2004 provides evidence of this phenomenon. Increase in drought frequency in Africa is another reason why policymakers around the globe must consider decisions that would have a long-term impact on humanity. Other examples of the destruction caused by climate change to the poor communities in particular include the effects of Katrina in the United States and the heat wave that was experienced by Europeans in 2003. As these examples reveal, poor people in rich societies are also vulnerable to the devastating effects of global warming (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). Additionally, the effects of global warming are expected to vary across the globe. According to a publication of the United Nations Environment Programme: While the Earth’s climate has varied throughout the prehistoric ages, the last few decades have witnessed a global climate disruption that is unprecedented over the recent millennia, a period of relative climatic stability during which civilization emerged. Some regions, particularly the Arctic, will be more affected by climate change than others closer to the equator. In many regions, the agricultural sector will be particularly affected. The combination of high temperatures and decreased soil moisture projected for parts of Africa will be particularly hard to adapt to (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). The publication of the UNEP, â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4,† also describes the main responsibility that human beings must assume for global warming: that, in fact, humans have placed great pressure on the climate system with increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The greenhouse gas that is mainly responsible for climate change appears to be carbon dioxide, primarily originating from the consumption of fossil fuels. But, other gases are similarly responsible for climate change. According to the report: â€Å"Since the dawn of the industrial age, the concentrations of these gases have been steadily increasing in the atmosphere (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). † Overly excited about their achievements during and after the golden Industrial Age, human beings did not realize that materialism and greed could even be responsible for ending their existence on Earth in the near future. Indeed, if climate change is not managed through effective, global environmental policies at present, huge natural disasters may very well finish off all life on our planet. As it is, global warming is accompanied by spells of really high temperatures that are known to destroy life through heat stress in addition to air pollution. In June 2003, Europe experienced such a spell. It raised temperatures twenty to thirty percent higher than the average temperatures during summer. What is more, the spell covered a huge portion of the European continent, from Germany to Italy, and from the north of Spain to Czech Republic. With social as well as economic impacts, besides its environmental impacts, the heat wave presented heavy losses to the European continent. In point of fact, thirty thousand European people lost their lives during June 2003. Forestry and agricultural production were impaired; forests were burned; crop cycles were disrupted; nuclear reactors cooled by water from rivers had to be closed; demand for electricity could not be met; and the stability of rocks was affected (â€Å"Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe,† 2004). Europe had experienced significant development during the Industrial Age, although it did not have any power over the heat wave of 2003. More importantly, perhaps, it is evident that the European Union would now play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The heat wave of 2003 served as a warning for the entire continent to begin taking serious action against greenhouse gas emissions, while enjoying the fruits of the Industrial Age even in the twenty first century (â€Å"Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave†). As bad as the European heat wave of 2003 was, there is no way for it to compete with the rising average temperatures in the Arctic. In fact, temperatures in the Arctic are â€Å"rising almost twice as rapidly as in the rest of the world (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). † Sea ice and glaciers in the Arctic are presently melting, while the permafrost temperatures are rising. In Siberia and Alaska, permafrost is also melting. This is expected to release methane into the Earth’s atmosphere from the frozen hydrates. Scientists are aware that fifty million years back, a large amount of methane was released into the Earth’s atmosphere. Temperatures around that time must have risen approximately five to seven Celsius. Additionally, scientists have determined that it took approximately one hundred and forty thousand years for the atmosphere to return to its normal state after the initial release of methane (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). Perhaps, therefore, the effects of global warming would remain with us for a very long period of time. Our future generations would have to suffer because of the excessive greenhouse gas emissions that our generation has been held responsible for. Other effects of global warming include increased changes in precipitation around the world. While wet regions are experiencing more rain, the dry areas of our world are turning more arid than before. In addition, regions like Africa with â€Å"the lowest contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions† are projected to suffer most due to these changes (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). As a matter of fact, water scarcity is projected to become a dangerous problem for the African people in the days to come (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). Global warming is also increasing â€Å"intense tropical cyclone activity,† especially in the North Atlantic (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). This has been going on since 1970, and is definitely associated with increases in the surface temperatures of tropical seas. Furthermore, there is evidence of increased tropical cyclone activity in certain regions of the world where it is difficult to gather high quality data. In any case, over the past thirty five years the number of Class 4 and 5, high intense storms, has almost doubled. These storms are now occurring in virtually all ocean basins. Of a certainty, our world would warm up even more because of this activity in the deep (â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4†). It is time, therefore, for all countries of the world to seriously consider the kinds of policies that could reverse the damage caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Humans have no control over unknown natural powers that may be causing climate change. Even so, they instinctively know the route they must take so as to help all living beings on the planet. The UNEP publication, â€Å"Global Environmental Outlook 4† refers to our world as a â€Å"one planet economy,† where all resources must be shared. So even though the Africans did not pollute the environment as much as the Americans and the Europeans during the Industrial Age, they must suffer because they did not even consider advising the Americans and the Europeans to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Of course, they were in no position to advise the polluters. Global warming has been showing its severe effects only now – a time when the world seems to have accepted the idea that life on Earth may end pretty soon if human beings do not stop harming the environment. References Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basics. (2007, Feb 5). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http://ipcc-wg1. ucar. edu/wg1/docs/WG1AR4_SPM_Approved_05Feb. pdf. Global Environmental Outlook 4: Environment for Development. (2007). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http://www. unep. org/geo/geo4. Impacts of Summer 2003 Heat Wave in Europe. (2004, Mar). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007, from http://www. grid. unep. ch/product/publication/download/ew_heat_wave. en. pdf.

Change Within Characters in Sophocles Antigone Essay examples -- Soph

Change Within Characters in Sophocles' Antigone Antigone is about how King Creon rules that Polynices the traitor is not to be buried, but his sister Antigone defies the order. She is caught, and sentenced by Creon to be buried alive - even though she is betrothed to his son Haemon. After the blind prophet Tiresias proves that the gods are on Antigone's side, Creon changes his mind - but too late. He goes first to bury Polynices, but Antigone has already hanged herself. When Creon arrives at the tomb, Haemon attacks him and then kills himself. When the news of their death is reported, Creon's wife Eurydice takes her own life. Creon is alone in his life, full of guilt. The major characters in Antigone in my opinion are Antigone and Creon. Both undergo very major dramatic changes in their life. Antigone’s changes are mainly linked to the themes of the position of women as a Greek and the theme of the individual versus the state and divine law versus human law. Creon’s changes are mainly linked to the themes Conscience versus Law and the threat of tyranny. Both of their changes to themselves also inflict a change on the other. Both also undergo changes because of their pride and what actions it causes them to do. Pride and its effects are a central part of Antigone. It is a trait despised by the gods, who bring suffering to the proud, but to the Greek mind pride is also a part of greatness. Both Antigone and Creon are incredibly proud, making it impossible for either one of them to back down once they have taken a stand. Pride is part of what makes Antigone heroic. Creon realizes that in the end when he is completely alone in his life because everyone is dead. His pride had caused him to lose everyth... ... despicable if the order of the state demands it. Antigone's insistence on her desire in face of state power brings ruin into Thebes and to Creon specifically. With the death of his family, Creon is left utterly alone in the palace. His throne even robs him of his mourning, the king and his pace sadly shuttling off to a cabinet meeting after the announcement of the family's deaths. Antigone and Creon both undergo many changes to their personality, their beliefs, and their ways of living. But in the end it is only Creon who has the ability to change his life and keep on living it in a more respectable and more understanding way. But Creon has to live with the deaths and his fatal mistakes that he has made. Antigone has a very short time to adapt to the changes in her life but she does not see much point because she has been sentenced to a very slow death.

What Exactly Is the American Dream

Aysia S. Bertrand What Exactly is the American Dream? The word â€Å"American Dream’’ is something that all Americans think about having every day. The â€Å"American Dream† can be used in many ways like having the dream job you always wanted, living a perfect and happy life, or owning a well money making business. Depending on how each person visualizes his or her â€Å"American Dream† determines whether he or she sees success or failure. The â€Å"American Dream† as something each individual would go through and not let anyone or anything stand in the way to achieve that dream.In my opinion the â€Å"American Dream† is like a goal. A goal one must follow to accomplish ones dream, whether it is a short or long term goal. The â€Å"American Dream† is what makes the society, because everybody is trying to make it to the top of being the best they can be. Determination, motivation, and patience can lead to a successful American Dream,â €  however, giving up, laziness, and lack of knowledge due to failure will keep one from achieving that dream.Determination is the act or an instance of making a decision. It is a choice one has to make in achieving into that â€Å"American Dream. † If it is something one must have; for example, a big time promotion of being a manager or finding a cure for cancer, then he or she should go out of their way to be successful in achieving ones â€Å"American Dream. † Motivation is the reason one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. In this case one might need motivation in achieving the â€Å"American Dream† it is an incentive.If there is somebody one really trusts or who he or she can really count on to help and motivate them in to achieving that â€Å"American Dream† then when the time has come that â€Å"American Dream† will be rewarded to he or she for their hard work all because of the motivation he or she is getting. By receiving th at â€Å"American Dream† ones need to have patience, the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, trouble, or suffering without getting angry or upset. To succeed at anything one must have patience and persistence.It requires hard work, persistence and a desire for something better, by having those qualities and the desire and ambition to carry the important part of the â€Å"American Dream. † Sometimes in getting the success in the â€Å"American Dream† one must have to be patience in order for that special dream to come a reality. The â€Å"American Dream† might not come till one least expected it. The â€Å"American Dream† might come the next day or it will probably come in two years or so. One must have patience in order be successful in achieving at getting the â€Å"American Dream. Individuals who are giving up, Laziness, and lack of knowledge will lead one into failure from achieving ones dream. When giving up on anything that is trying to hel p one achieve a successful â€Å"American Dream† most likely he or she is leading into the road of failure. Giving up is not going to get an individual anywhere. If your lazy one is not going to get anything accomplish whatever that â€Å"American Dream† might be to him or her will not be fulfilled. If one is trying to get a decent job he or she is not going to sit around waiting for the job to come to them.They are going to do whatever it takes to get that â€Å"American Dream† job. Success only comes to those who prepare well and put in effort. Having lack of knowledge can stop one from achieving the â€Å"American Dream† because without having an education it is kind of hard to achieve anything in life especially if one trying is to get a good paying job. Everybody needs to be educated if one is trying to achieve the â€Å"American Dream. † Education will always be the number one key to success. Martin Luther King Jr. tates in she speech,† I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American Dream. †(691) In todays’ society, all Americans want what everyone dreams about want which is to live the â€Å"American Dream† by having a big house, dream job, and living a perfect life without stress or regrets. People think they have to be the best and have everything well organized, or they will feel that they are not getting anything accomplished in achieving the â€Å"American Dream. Similar to what is said in James A. Autry essay â€Å"If the â€Å"organization† does not exist in the minds and hearts of the people, it does not exist. No chart can fix that. An organization’s function is simple: to provide a framework, a format a context in which people can effectively use resources to accomplish their goals. † (136-137) Many Individuals should always follow the dream that t hey desire the most, follow that dream until it is accomplished.Some individuals see the â€Å"American Dream† as determining whether he or she sees his or hers as a success or failure. Determination, motivation, and patience can lead one to a successful â€Å"American Dream. † Works Cited Autry, James A. â€Å"Irrevent Thoughts About Organization Charts. † The literature of Work. Ed. Sheila E. Murphy, John G. Sperling, and John D. Murphy. Phoenix: U of Phoenix P, 1991. 136-137. Print. King, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream. † Comp. Jean Wyrick. Steps to writing Well with Additional Readings. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2011. 691. Print.

Economic factors Essay

Critical thinking is an individual’s form of judgment that has a particular purpose and reflective judgment. When individuals use critical thinking they reach a decision or solves an issue of judging what to believe or what to do, but reaches this conclusion in a thoughtful way. Critical thinking is a tool that individuals can use to evaluate incoming information. On the other hand, ethics is a branch of philosophy that encompasses right conduct and good life. Ethics has broader in the analyzing right and wrong than the standard conception. Ethics is a set of choices that individuals make on how to live their lives. ARE THE PRINCIPLES AND RULES OF CRITICAL THINKING APPLICABLE TO ETHICAL REASONING? WHY? The rules and principles of critical thinking are applicable to ethical reasoning because they both follow similar guidelines. In ethical reasoning along with critical thinking the individuals will study the details of the case, identify the appropriate criteria, determine possible courses of action, and decide which action is most ethical (Ruggiero, 2012). An example from this week would include the case of the shrinking maneuver. For step one in this case, it has been shown that the statement leaves no unanswered questions. The relevant criteria found in the case shows that laws are violated with the individuals knowingly claiming residence without meeting the requirements. A possible course of action for this case they could have physically moved to Florida or to another state with no-tax or low-tax instead of pretending they moved there. Finally, the most ethical action in the case shows that the Skirkings’ actions were unethical (Ruggiero, 2012). IF EVERYONE FOLLOWED THE RULES AND GUIDELINES OF LOGIC, WOULD THERE BE A NEED FOR ETHICAL DECISION MAKING? WHY? If everyone followed the rules and guidelines of logic there would still be a need for ethical decision making. The reason is that even though the conclusion may seem logical every individual has different ethics. For instance, if an individual needs a job and needs to obtain money quickly, logically it would make sense to do what would make the most money the quickest. Let us say the logical job would be stripping because the individual makes a large amount of money in a little amount of time. Another individual may say that even though this is the logical was to obtain money quickly, ethically it is wrong. REFERENCE: Ruggiero, V (2012). Thinking Critically about ethical issues (9th ed.). : Mc-Graw Hill.

Anthropocentrism essays

Anthropocentrism essays Anthropocentrism and its Impact on Society Richard Tobin, an avid environmentalist so elequantly put, "The largest problem facing human society is not economic collapse, depletion of energy supplies, or even a nuclear war. What we should be worried about is habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity." Why aren't we focusing on something that can have such a drastic impact on our society? The answer may be a tough one for most Americans, and humans in general to swallow. Our neglect, and destruction of mother earth, is and will continue to lead to our demise. Our mindset is that of "use," instead of protection and preservation, our industrial culture proves this, as all society is out for is its our own progress and development. However, the application of this mindset and its financial and technological systems to all areas of the planet results in destruction of habitat, extinction of species, and destruction of indigenous cultures. The biodiversity crisis is about loss of critical species, populations and processes that perform necessary biological functions, and it is also about loss of many other values which are good in themselves and depend on preservation of natural diversity and wild evolutionary processes. Industrial society, including logging/forestry, the technological revolution, and agriculture and their development construe the Earth as only raw material to be used to satisfy consumption and production to meet not only vital needs, but inflated desires whose satisfaction requires more and more consumption. It perpetuates a dangerous cycle of greed, which will only end in death of all species. This is proved in a statement from Chris Brown, professor at Purdue University, "There have been many episodes where human impact on bioystems has caused their collapse, dating back to Paleolithic times. But the present era of mass extinction is without precedent; even the mass extinction at the beginning of the present Cen ...

Brick Wall Strategies for Finding Your Ancestors

Brick Wall Strategies for Finding Your Ancestors When it comes to family trees things are rarely straightforward. Families often disappear between one census and the next; records are lost or destroyed through mishandling, fire, war, and flood; and sometimes the facts you do find just dont make sense. When your family history research hits a dead-end, organize your facts and try one of these popular brick wall-busting tactics. Review What You Already Have I know. It seems basic. But I cant stress enough how many brick walls are breached with information that the researcher already has tucked away in notes, files, boxes or on the computer. Information that you found a few years ago may include names, dates or other details that now provide clues given new facts that youve since uncovered. Organizing your files and reviewing your information and evidence may uncover just the clue youre looking for. Go Back to the Original Source Many of us are guilty when transcribing information or recording notes of only including the information we deem important at the time. You may have kept the names and dates from that old census record, but did you also keep track of other information such as years of marriage and country of parents origin? Did you record the names of the neighbors? Or, perhaps, you misread a name or misinterpreted a relationship? If you havent already, be sure to go back to the original records, making complete copies and transcriptions and recording all clues - however unimportant they may seem right now. Broaden Your Search When youre stuck on a particular ancestor, a good strategy is to extend your search to family members and neighbors. When you cant find a birth record for your ancestor that lists his/her parents, maybe you can locate one for a sibling. Or, when youve lost a family between census years, try looking for their neighbors. You may be able to identify a migration pattern, or a mis-indexed census entry that way. Often referred to as cluster genealogy, this research process can often get you past tough brick walls. Question and Verify Many brick walls are built from incorrect data. In other words, your sources may be leading you in the wrong direction through their inaccuracy. Published sources often contain transcription errors, while even original documents may contain misinformation, whether purposefully or accidentally given. Try to find at least three records to verify any facts that you already know and judge the quality of your data based on the weight of the evidence. Check Name Variations Your brick wall may just be something as simple as looking for the wrong name. Variations of last names can make research complicated, but be sure to check all spelling options. Soundex is a first step, but you cant count on it entirely - some name variations can actually result in different soundex codes. Not only can the surnames be different, but the given name may be different as well. Ive found records recorded under initials, middle names, nicknames, etc. Get creative with name spellings and variations and cover all the possibilities. Learn Your Boundaries Even though you know that your ancestor lived on the same farm, you may still be looking in the wrong jurisdiction for your ancestor. Town, county, state, and even country boundaries have changed over time as populations grew or political authority changed hands. Records were also not always registered in the locality where your ancestors lived. In Pennsylvania, for example, births and deaths can be registered in any county, and many of my Cambria county ancestors records were actually located in neighboring Clearfield county because they lived closer to that county seat and found it a more convenient trip. So, bone up on your historical geography and you just may find a new route around your brick wall. Ask for Help Fresh eyes can often see beyond brick walls, so try bouncing your theories off other researchers. Post a query to a Web site or mailing list which focuses on the locality in which the family lived, check with members of the local historical or genealogical society, or just talk through it with someone else who loves family history research. Be sure to include what you already know, as well as what youd like to know and which tactics youve already tried.

Statistical Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Statistical Problems - Essay Example The approximation becomes better with increasing sample size The simple random sample of 50 women with one job is greater than 30. Therefore, in this case Central Limit Theorem is applicable and the distribution of the sample can be assumed as normally distributed. (b) The percentage of all samples of 50 women with one job that have the mean length of time employed within 20 weeks of the population mean is (approximately) equal to the area under the normal curve with parameters  µ and 13.01 that lies between  µ - 20 and  µ + 20. The corresponding z-scores are: (c) No. If I bought one bag of water-softener salt and it weighed 39 lb, I would not consider this evidence that company’s claim is incorrect. Because there is 25.14% probability that the weight of one randomly selected bag of water softener salt will be 39lb or less. (d) Yes. If I bought 10 bag of water-softener salt and it mean weight was 39 lb, I would consider this evidence that company’s claim is incorrect. Because there is only 1.74% probability that the mean weight of 10 randomly selected bag of water softener salt will be 39lb or